Keto Research
Research - Keto and Alzheimers
- 2004, Henderson, SC.High carbohydrate diets and Alzheimer's disease. Med Hypotheses 2004. Hypothesis that HC diets led to causes of Alzheimers disease and that decreasing carb intake and increasing fat intake may help prevent Alzheimers.
- 2007:Kim do Y, et al.Ketone bodies are protective against oxidative stress in neocortical neurons. J Neurochem, 2007. Ketone bodies (KB) have been shown to prevent neurodegeneration in models of Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases.
Research - Keto and Diabetes
- 2003 Samaha FF, et al. A low-carbohydrate as compared with a low-fat diet in severe obesity. New England Journal of Medicine, 2003. A six month study, the low carb group lost an average of 12.8lbs while the low fat group only lost an average 4.2lb. The low-carb group also saw a bigger drop in triglycerides, fasting blood glucose, insulin, and improved insulin sensitivity.
- 2004 Meckling KA, et al. Comparison of a low-fat diet to a low-carbohydrate diet on weight loss, body composition, and risk factors for diabetes and cardiovascular disease in overweight men and women. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 10 week study of LF vs LC group. Both groups lost similar weight and had decreases in blood pressure, trigylcerides and blood sugar. The low-fat group saw decreases in total, LDL and HDL cholesterol. The LC group saw decrease in insulin & increase in
- 2006 Daly ME, et al. Short-term effects of severe dietary carbohydrate-restriction advice in Type 2 diabetes. Diabetic Medicine, 2006. 3 month trial of low-carb vs low-fat diet. Low carb group lost more weight and had greater improvements in the total cholesterol/HDL ratio. No different in trigylcerides, blood pressure or HbA1c between groups.
- 2007 Dyson PA, et al. A low-carbohydrate diet is more effective in reducing body weight than healthy eating in both diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. Diabetic Medicine, 2007. A 3 month study of diabetics & non-diabetics on a low-carb vs low-fat diet. The LC group lost more weight, but all other markers were similar.
- 2008 Tay J, et al. Metabolic effects of weight loss on a very-low-carbohydrate diet compared with an isocaloric high-carbohydrate diet in abdominally obese subjects. Journal of The American College of Cardiology, 2008. 24 week study of 88 people with abdominal obesity on LC or LF diets. The LC group lost more weight, but was statistically insignificant. Tiglycerides, HDL, C-Reactive Protein, Insulin, Insulin Sensitivity and Blood Pressure improved in both groups.
- 2008 Westman EC, et al. The effect of a low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-glycemic index diet on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nutrion & Metabolism (London), 2008. 24 week study of 84 people with obesity and type 2 diabetes on a low-carb keto diet or calorie restricted low-glycemic diet. The LC group lost more weight, saw Hemogloin A1c go down more, increased HDL, and saw more reductions in diabetes medications.
Research - Keto and Exercise
- 1980: Phinney SD, et al. Capacity for moderate exercise in obese subjects after adaptation to a hypocaloric, ketogenic diet. J Clin Invest, 1980. A study of 6, moderately oese untrained subjects on a high-carb diet for 2 week, then on a protein supplemented fast for 6 weeks that put them in ketosis. Shows that prolonged ketosis results in adaptation, after which exercise duration increases.
- 1983:Phinney SD, et al. The human metabolic response to chronic ketosis without caloric restriction. Metabolism, 1983. A study of five well trained cyclists on a high-carb diet vs low-carb diet and the performance changes. Results indicate that aerobic endurance exercise by well-trained cyclists was not compromised by four weeks of ketosis.
- 1991: Simi B., et al. Additive effects of training and high-fat diet on energy metabolism during exercise. J Appl Physiol, 1991.
- 1994:Lambert EV, et al. Enhanced endurance in trained cyclists during moderate intensity exercise following 2 weeks adaptation to a high fat diet. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol, 1994.
- 2010:Volek JS, et al. Low-Carbohydrate Diets Promote a More Favorable Body Composition Than Low-Fat Diets. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 2010.
Research - Keto and Heart Disease
- 2003 Brehm BJ, et al. A randomized trial comparing a very low carbohydrate diet and a calorie-restricted low fat diet on body weight and cardiovascular risk factors in healthy women. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 2003. A 6 month study of healthy obese women on low-fat vs low-carb diets. The women on low-carb lost an average 18.7lb vs 8.6lb on low fat. Low-carb had significant reductions in blood triglycerides, and HDL improved somewhat in both groups.
- 2003 Foster GD, et al. A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity. New England Journal of Medicine, 2003. There was more weight loss in the low-carb group at 3 months and 6 months, but not at 12 months. The low-carb group had greater improvements in blood triglycerides and HDL.
- 2003 Samaha FF, et al. A low-carbohydrate as compared with a low-fat diet in severe obesity. New England Journal of Medicine, 2003. A six month study, the low carb group lost an average of 12.8lbs while the low fat group only lost an average 4.2lb. The low-carb group also saw a bigger drop in triglycerides, fasting blood glucose, insulin, and improved insulin sensitivity.
- 2003 Sondike SB, et al. Effects of a low-carbohydrate diet on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factor in overweight adolescents. The Journal of Pediatrics, 2003. A 12 study on overweigth adolescents. The low carb group lost 21.8lb, while the low fat group lost 9lb. The low-carb group also had significant decreases in Triglycerides & Non-HDL cholesterol. Only the low fat group saw total & LDL cholesterol go
- 2004 Aude YW, et al. The national cholesterol education program diet vs a diet lower in carbohydrates and higher in protein and monounsaturated fat. Archives of Internal Medicine, 2004. A 12 week study of overweight people on either a low-carb diet or low-fat diet, both with restricted calories. Low carb lost an average of 13.6lb, vs 7.5lb in low fat. Triglycerides went down more in the low-carb group, total cholesterol improved in both.
- 2004 JS Volek, et al. Comparison of energy-restricted very low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets on weight loss and body composition in overweight men and women. Nutrition & Metabolism (London), 2004. A 30 day study on women, 50 day study on men. The low-carb group lost significantly more weight, despite eating more calories than the low-fat group. The low-carb men also lost three times as much abdominal fat as the men on the low-fat diet.
- 2004 Meckling KA, et al. Comparison of a low-fat diet to a low-carbohydrate diet on weight loss, body composition, and risk factors for diabetes and cardiovascular disease in overweight men and women. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 10 week study of LF vs LC group. Both groups lost similar weight and had decreases in blood pressure, trigylcerides and blood sugar. The low-fat group saw decreases in total, LDL and HDL cholesterol. The LC group saw decrease in insulin & increase in
- 2004 Yancy WS Jr, et al. A low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-fat diet to treat obesity and hyperlipidemia. Annals of Internal Medicine, 2004. A 24 week study of overweight individuals on a low-fat or low-carb diet. Low-carb lost more weight and had greater improvements in blood triglycerides and HDL cholesterol.
- 2006 Daly ME, et al. Short-term effects of severe dietary carbohydrate-restriction advice in Type 2 diabetes. Diabetic Medicine, 2006. 3 month trial of low-carb vs low-fat diet. Low carb group lost more weight and had greater improvements in the total cholesterol/HDL ratio. No different in trigylcerides, blood pressure or HbA1c between groups.
- 2007 Gardner CD, et al. Comparison of the Atkins, Zone, Ornish, and LEARN diets for change in weight and related risk factors among overweight premenopausal women: the A TO Z Weight Loss Study. The Journal of The American Medical Association, 2007. A 12 month study of Atkins, Zone, Ornish and LEARN diets in overweight, premenopausal women. The Atkins group lost the most weight, though not statistically significant and had the greatest improvements in blood pressure, triglycerides and HDL.
- 2008 Tay J, et al. Metabolic effects of weight loss on a very-low-carbohydrate diet compared with an isocaloric high-carbohydrate diet in abdominally obese subjects. Journal of The American College of Cardiology, 2008. 24 week study of 88 people with abdominal obesity on LC or LF diets. The LC group lost more weight, but was statistically insignificant. Tiglycerides, HDL, C-Reactive Protein, Insulin, Insulin Sensitivity and Blood Pressure improved in both groups.
- 2008 Westman EC, et al. The effect of a low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-glycemic index diet on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nutrion & Metabolism (London), 2008. 24 week study of 84 people with obesity and type 2 diabetes on a low-carb keto diet or calorie restricted low-glycemic diet. The LC group lost more weight, saw Hemogloin A1c go down more, increased HDL, and saw more reductions in diabetes medications.
- 2009 Brinkworth GD, et al. Long-term effects of a very-low-carbohydrate weight loss diet compared with an isocaloric low-fat diet after 12 months. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2009. 12 month study of 118 people with abdominal obesity on a LC or LF diet, both calorie restricted. The LC group lost more weight, but was no statistically significant. They also had greater descreases in triglycerides and greater increases in HDL/LDL.
- 2009 Volek JS, et al. Carbohydrate restriction has a more favorable impact on the metabolic syndrome than a low fat diet. Lipids, 2009. 12 week study of 40 subjects with elevated risk factors for heart disease on LC or LF diets, both calorie-restricted. LC group lost more weight, had triglycerides go down much more, increased HDL, LDL size increased, and Apolipoprotein B went down more.
- 2010 Hernandez, et al. Lack of suppression of circulating free fatty acids and hypercholesterolemia during weight loss on a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2010. 6 week study of 32 obese adults on a LC or LF calorie-restricted diet. Both groups lost similar amounts of weight. LC group had greater decreases in triglycerides. LDL & HDL decreased in the low-fat group only.
- 2014 Lydia A. Bazzano, MD, PhD, MPH, et al. Effects of Low-Carbohydrate and Low-Fat Diets: A Randomized Trial. Annals of Internal Medicine, 2014. 12 month study of 148 participants, 60 on a low-fat diet and 49 on a low-carb diet completed the study. The low-carbohydrate diet was more effective for weight loss and cardiovascular risk factor reduction than the low-fat diet.
Research - Keto and Parkinson's
- 2007:Kim do Y, et al.Ketone bodies are protective against oxidative stress in neocortical neurons. J Neurochem, 2007. Ketone bodies (KB) have been shown to prevent neurodegeneration in models of Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases.
Research - Keto and Weight Loss
- 1971:Young CM, et al. Effect on body composition and other parameters in obese young men of carbohydrate level of reduction diet. Am J Clin Nutr, 1971. A study of moderately obese young men on their regular diets, and then on various levels of low carb restriction. Showed low-carb was effective in controlling hunger. The lower the carbs, the higher the weight loss, fat loss and % weight loss as fat.
- 1980: Phinney SD, et al. Capacity for moderate exercise in obese subjects after adaptation to a hypocaloric, ketogenic diet. J Clin Invest, 1980. A study of 6, moderately oese untrained subjects on a high-carb diet for 2 week, then on a protein supplemented fast for 6 weeks that put them in ketosis. Shows that prolonged ketosis results in adaptation, after which exercise duration increases.
- 1991: Simi B., et al. Additive effects of training and high-fat diet on energy metabolism during exercise. J Appl Physiol, 1991.
- 2003 Brehm BJ, et al. A randomized trial comparing a very low carbohydrate diet and a calorie-restricted low fat diet on body weight and cardiovascular risk factors in healthy women. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 2003. A 6 month study of healthy obese women on low-fat vs low-carb diets. The women on low-carb lost an average 18.7lb vs 8.6lb on low fat. Low-carb had significant reductions in blood triglycerides, and HDL improved somewhat in both groups.
- 2003 Foster GD, et al. A randomized trial of a low-carbohydrate diet for obesity. New England Journal of Medicine, 2003. There was more weight loss in the low-carb group at 3 months and 6 months, but not at 12 months. The low-carb group had greater improvements in blood triglycerides and HDL.
- 2003 Samaha FF, et al. A low-carbohydrate as compared with a low-fat diet in severe obesity. New England Journal of Medicine, 2003. A six month study, the low carb group lost an average of 12.8lbs while the low fat group only lost an average 4.2lb. The low-carb group also saw a bigger drop in triglycerides, fasting blood glucose, insulin, and improved insulin sensitivity.
- 2003 Sondike SB, et al. Effects of a low-carbohydrate diet on weight loss and cardiovascular risk factor in overweight adolescents. The Journal of Pediatrics, 2003. A 12 study on overweigth adolescents. The low carb group lost 21.8lb, while the low fat group lost 9lb. The low-carb group also had significant decreases in Triglycerides & Non-HDL cholesterol. Only the low fat group saw total & LDL cholesterol go
- 2004 Aude YW, et al. The national cholesterol education program diet vs a diet lower in carbohydrates and higher in protein and monounsaturated fat. Archives of Internal Medicine, 2004. A 12 week study of overweight people on either a low-carb diet or low-fat diet, both with restricted calories. Low carb lost an average of 13.6lb, vs 7.5lb in low fat. Triglycerides went down more in the low-carb group, total cholesterol improved in both.
- 2004 JS Volek, et al. Comparison of energy-restricted very low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets on weight loss and body composition in overweight men and women. Nutrition & Metabolism (London), 2004. A 30 day study on women, 50 day study on men. The low-carb group lost significantly more weight, despite eating more calories than the low-fat group. The low-carb men also lost three times as much abdominal fat as the men on the low-fat diet.
- 2004 Meckling KA, et al. Comparison of a low-fat diet to a low-carbohydrate diet on weight loss, body composition, and risk factors for diabetes and cardiovascular disease in overweight men and women. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 10 week study of LF vs LC group. Both groups lost similar weight and had decreases in blood pressure, trigylcerides and blood sugar. The low-fat group saw decreases in total, LDL and HDL cholesterol. The LC group saw decrease in insulin & increase in
- 2004 Yancy WS Jr, et al. A low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-fat diet to treat obesity and hyperlipidemia. Annals of Internal Medicine, 2004. A 24 week study of overweight individuals on a low-fat or low-carb diet. Low-carb lost more weight and had greater improvements in blood triglycerides and HDL cholesterol.
- 2005 Nickols-Richardson SM, et al. Perceived hunger is lower and weight loss is greater in overweight premenopausal women consuming a low-carbohydrate/high-protein vs high-carbohydrate/low-fat diet. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 2005. A 6 week study of overweight premenopausal women on a low-carb or low-fat, calorie restricted diet. The LC group lost more weight and had more reduced hunger.
- 2006 Daly ME, et al. Short-term effects of severe dietary carbohydrate-restriction advice in Type 2 diabetes. Diabetic Medicine, 2006. 3 month trial of low-carb vs low-fat diet. Low carb group lost more weight and had greater improvements in the total cholesterol/HDL ratio. No different in trigylcerides, blood pressure or HbA1c between groups.
- 2007 Dyson PA, et al. A low-carbohydrate diet is more effective in reducing body weight than healthy eating in both diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. Diabetic Medicine, 2007. A 3 month study of diabetics & non-diabetics on a low-carb vs low-fat diet. The LC group lost more weight, but all other markers were similar.
- 2007 Gardner CD, et al. Comparison of the Atkins, Zone, Ornish, and LEARN diets for change in weight and related risk factors among overweight premenopausal women: the A TO Z Weight Loss Study. The Journal of The American Medical Association, 2007. A 12 month study of Atkins, Zone, Ornish and LEARN diets in overweight, premenopausal women. The Atkins group lost the most weight, though not statistically significant and had the greatest improvements in blood pressure, triglycerides and HDL.
- 2007 Halyburton AK, et al. Low- and high-carbohydrate weight-loss diets have similar effects on mood but not cognitive performance. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2007. A 8 week study of overwegith/obese people on either a low-carb, high-fat diet or a low-fat, high-carb diet. The LC group lost more weight. Both groups had improvements in mood, but speed of processing improved further on the low-fat diet.
- 2007 McClernon FJ, et al. The effects of a low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet and a low-fat diet on mood, hunger, and other self-reported symptoms. Obesity (Silver Spring), 2007 A 6 month study of overweight people on a low-carb, keto diet or a low-fat diet. Low carb group lost almost twice the weight and had more reduced hunger.
- 2008 Keogh JB, et al. Effects of weight loss from a very-low-carbohydrate diet on endothelial function and markers of cardiovascular disease risk in subjects with abdominal obesity. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2008. 8 week study of 107 individuals with abdominal obesity on a LC or LF diet, both calorie-restricted. The low-carb group lost 7.9% of body weight vs 6.5% in LF group. No other significant differences in risk factors were found between groups.
- 2008 Shai I, et al. Weight loss with a low-carbohydrate, Mediterranean, or low-fat diet. New England Journal of Medicine, 2008. 2 year study of 322 obese individuals on three diet - low-carb, low-fat & calorie restricted, and calorie restricted Mediterranean diet. The LC group lost 10.4lb, low fat lost 6.4lb and Mediterranean diet lost 9.7lb.
- 2008 Tay J, et al. Metabolic effects of weight loss on a very-low-carbohydrate diet compared with an isocaloric high-carbohydrate diet in abdominally obese subjects. Journal of The American College of Cardiology, 2008. 24 week study of 88 people with abdominal obesity on LC or LF diets. The LC group lost more weight, but was statistically insignificant. Tiglycerides, HDL, C-Reactive Protein, Insulin, Insulin Sensitivity and Blood Pressure improved in both groups.
- 2008 Westman EC, et al. The effect of a low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diet versus a low-glycemic index diet on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Nutrion & Metabolism (London), 2008. 24 week study of 84 people with obesity and type 2 diabetes on a low-carb keto diet or calorie restricted low-glycemic diet. The LC group lost more weight, saw Hemogloin A1c go down more, increased HDL, and saw more reductions in diabetes medications.
- 2009 Brinkworth GD, et al. Long-term effects of a very-low-carbohydrate weight loss diet compared with an isocaloric low-fat diet after 12 months. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2009. 12 month study of 118 people with abdominal obesity on a LC or LF diet, both calorie restricted. The LC group lost more weight, but was no statistically significant. They also had greater descreases in triglycerides and greater increases in HDL/LDL.
- 2009 Volek JS, et al. Carbohydrate restriction has a more favorable impact on the metabolic syndrome than a low fat diet. Lipids, 2009. 12 week study of 40 subjects with elevated risk factors for heart disease on LC or LF diets, both calorie-restricted. LC group lost more weight, had triglycerides go down much more, increased HDL, LDL size increased, and Apolipoprotein B went down more.
- 2010 Hernandez, et al. Lack of suppression of circulating free fatty acids and hypercholesterolemia during weight loss on a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2010. 6 week study of 32 obese adults on a LC or LF calorie-restricted diet. Both groups lost similar amounts of weight. LC group had greater decreases in triglycerides. LDL & HDL decreased in the low-fat group only.
- 2010 Krebs NF, et al. Efficacy and safety of a high protein, low carbohydrate diet for weight loss in severely obese adolescents. Journal of Pediatrics, 2010. 36 week study of 46 obese adolescents on a LC or LC, calorie restricted diet. Low carb group lost more weight and had greater decreased in BMI.
- 2012 Guldbrand, et al. In type 2 diabetes, randomization to advice to follow a low-carbohydrate diet transiently improves glycaemic control compared with advice to follow a low-fat diet producing a similar weight loss. Diabetologia, 2012. 2 year study of 61 people with type 2 diabetes on a LC or LF diet, both calorie restricted. The LC group lost 6.8lb, while the LF group lost 7.9lb, a difference that is not statistically significant. There was no different in common risk factors.
- 2014 Lydia A. Bazzano, MD, PhD, MPH, et al. Effects of Low-Carbohydrate and Low-Fat Diets: A Randomized Trial. Annals of Internal Medicine, 2014. 12 month study of 148 participants, 60 on a low-fat diet and 49 on a low-carb diet completed the study. The low-carbohydrate diet was more effective for weight loss and cardiovascular risk factor reduction than the low-fat diet.